Ending Homelessness in America - 634 Words

We live in a world where it is survival of the fittest. It is hard to succeed, one wrong decision can easily lead someone into a financial struggle. This can lead to homelessness. Homelessness is not a lifestyle that one would choose by choice. In 2003, there has been ... as many as 1.3 million Canadians that have experienced homelessness...at some point during the last 5 years. Affordable housing costs less on an annual basis compared to putting the homeless in prison. Canada was the last to have an action plan towards ending homelessness and as we are understanding; the prisons are being over-populated. We often hear that people in our society blame the homeless for living on the streets. Society does not think it could happen to them but in reality it can happen to anyone. Society tends to forget that what the homeless have to go through with the struggles and obstacles of living on the streets. The cold temperatures, lack of clothing, sleep and food, this is not a choice someone would make. Those people who believe it is a choice often refuse to help the homeless. On various occasions i have heard people say that they refuse to give money to someone who is homeless. Their reasoning behind it is that they are afraid that the homeless person will use that money to buy drugs or alcohol. When we receive a paycheck from our boss they dont ask what we are going to do with the money. Why should we worry about what the homeless do with the money. There are reasons as toShow MoreRelatedHomelessness Is A Basic Need And All Human Beings Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesshelter, they not find a home. Homelessness has become rampant throughout the US population. Each day more and more people are reported not to have this basic need, sleeping in the streets and wandering all day long. This has become a major area of concern for the government, social services providers and social policy makers. The government through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development has put in enormous efforts to combat the annual rise in homelessness but the situation has not significantlyRead MoreHomelessness Is A Problem Of Homelessness1610 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness is a monster. Each day, there are people on the streets suffering from homelessness. These unsheltered people litter the streets, and plead for help. There are different types of homelessness, but the most monstrous is chronic. The chronically homeless are left to endure the hardships of homelessness without hope of an effective solution. Americans disregard all homeless populations, but the most heart wrenching group that is disregarded is the veterans. The veteran homelessness problemRead MoreThe Issue Of Homelessness : Homelessness1438 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a crucial issue that seems to go unnoticed because apparently there’s more important issue than homelessness. When thinking about homelessness what is the first image that appears in your head? Do you pictur e adults sleeping under bridges? Do you think of the people whose standing on side the bridge begging for money as the cars pass? Or do you think of the other people sitting in front of the store asking for money? Is that all you see when you imagine someone being homelessRead MoreThe Effects of Homlessness Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween friends and realatives homes trying to stay together. they are moved into shelters where ultimately they end up separated and children are put into foster care, this separation only adds to the agony which latter leads to these children in turn ending up homeless as adults. do to emotional and behavior issues stemming from childhood Homeless children and families suffer many hardships such as poor health and increased sickness. many of these homeless children are poorly educated and have developmentalRead MoreA Vulnerable Population: The Homeless in America919 Words   |  4 PagesPopulation: The Homeless in America Introduction Homelessness in America should be a growing concern. When discussing the United States current economic crisis comparisons with the Great Depression are becoming more and more common. Tent cities or makeshift shelters in specified areas or just beyond city limits are becoming familiar sites across the country. Each of these cities contains dozens if not hundreds of families struggling to just survive (Maide, 2010). Homelessness can be defined as theRead MoreHomelessness : The Logical Solution1246 Words   |  5 PagesGrowth Homelessness: The Logical Solution Abstract: Homelessness is an issue, which plagues millions of Americans on a daily-basis. The current mainstream method of dealing with this issue has proven to be inefficient and extremely expensive, a burden which is passed onto society, despite the plethora of alternative methods which have a proven success rate and also have a much larger cost when compared to that associated with general homelessness in the country. Introduction: Homelessness in NewRead MoreHomelessness in American1645 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in America Homelessness in America has always been an issue but it has become an even bigger issue over the past years. With a world filled with global conflict, disappearing jobs, higher education cost, and increasing poverty in America, the homeless need our help more than ever. Just last year, the national poverty rate rose to include 13.2 % of the population. Also, 3.5 million people were forced to sleep in parks, shelters, under bridges or in cars. Hunger and homelessness areRead MoreChild Hunger in the USA Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesexpensive, violence is common, and children dont get a good education. Homelessness an effect on poverty. There is a lack of housing in the United States that people can afford. Even a minimum wage job isnt enough money to supply housing and food for a family with children. Cuts in federal assistance for housing programs and social services have coincided with the rise in homelessness in the U.S.(Overview of Homelessness) This means that is harder to get housing because there are many budgetRead MoreThe Effect of Homelessness on the Youth of America1086 Words   |  5 Pages There are millions of homeless youth in America. On any given night, you can find these children ducking into abandoned buildings, crammed up against alley dumpsters, curled inside the big yellow slide of a local playground. I imagine they are thankful for sleep, wary of a new day, but thankful nonetheless. Homelessness at such a young age if left alone, leads to increased rates of conflict. The more homeless youths now, the more our country as a whole will have to deal with divorce, mental illnessRead MoreThe Perception of the Homeless1092 Words   |  5 Pagespeople in the United States alone (National Student Campaign against Hunger and Homelessness). Within this amount of people there are challenges beyond not having a home that most citizens with a home do not face that include thinking about appearance, quality and source of food, living space, and sour ce of money. These are just a few things that non-homeless may overlook when thinking about the challenges of homelessness. The way that we as a nation perceive others around us comes into play here, because

A repertoire of filmmaking techniques is fundamental to...

A repertoire of filmmaking techniques is fundamental to the establishment of a film’s storyline by conveying explicit and implicit ideas and by taking the viewer through a heightened emotional journey. Alfred Hitchcock employs his unique film style to augment the patterns of narration in the monumental film, Vertigo. The narrative patterns follow the male protagonist, Scotty, who is inescapably drawn into the conflict of the story as he unceasingly follows Madeleine, the female protagonist. Overall, the film employs a restricted narrative in which the audience’s knowledge is equal to that of Jimmy Stewart’s character, Scotty. The Muir Woods sequence in Vertigo conveys patterns of narration through the combined elements of editing,†¦show more content†¦For example, when Madeleine wonders into the forest, Scotty’s curiosity provokes him to start walking in that direction, as seen in shot 17. The action is immediately continued in shot 18, as Scotty continues his quest for Madeleine, keeping the viewer engaged in the situation. The arising suspense from these two shots results from the prior use of accelerated editing rhythm. There is a series of short shots, 12-17, which show Madeleine venturing away and Scotty’s bewildered reaction. The tension and suspense build as each shot captures Madeleine walking further away until she seems to disappear in between shots. In sum, the editing techniques serve to explicitly enhance the action and implicitly convey the narrative. Vertigo’s patterns of narration are also illustrated by the elements of mise-en-scene presented during the Muir Woods sequence. All of the elements placed in front of the camera, such as setting, lighting, and figure behavior, contribute to the ultimate sense of realism conveyed by the sequence. The particular natural setting allows for important landmark events in the film to take place. In the presence of large Sequoia trees, Scotty confirms the color green motif and its symbolism of life. The cross section of the tree, a common exhibit in natural parks, allows for a critical point in the narrative to take place. In shot 11, â€Å"Carlotta† declares her birth and death inShow MoreRelatedQuery Sequence And Analysis Of Verify3d1941 Words   |  8 Pagesother, the query sequence and template sequence consist of different types of amino acid residues in this range (Table 1). The query sequence consists of the residues YTAEADGNTIFTKTIPSGITISA, while the template sequence 4IPU_A consists of the residues KDWGKGLSIGVLASGSIAAPLRK. After analyzing these two aligned sequences, some stark differences appeared between the two in the number of charged residues in this range. Firstly, while only one basic residue is found in the query sequence, there are fourRead MoreCdna Cloning And Sequence Analysis Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages3. Results 3.1 cDNA cloning and sequence analysis In this study, we cloned the rabbit NMU, NUM-R1 and NMU-R2 cDNA fragments using RT-PCR. Specific fragments were amplified and target gene fragment length was 443, 366 and 203 bp, respectively (Fig.1 A, B and C), consistent with the expected size of the fragment, and clear bands. These fragments were confirmed by sequencing, and the NMU, NMU-R1 and NMU-R2 sequences were submitted to GenBank (GenBank IDs: KP276160.1, KM-236787.1 and KM-236788.1). NCBIRead MoreUses and Abuses of Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy2313 Words   |  9 PagesUses and Abuses of Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence stratigraphy is a discipline studying the linkages within the chronostratigraphic framework of sequences which is bounded by unconformities and correlative conformities. It enables interpretation of sedimentary strata as products of relative sea-level change. The sequence stratigraphy uses sub-dividing surfaces to provide a framework to the interpretation of the depositional settings of the sedimentary section and usesRead MoreNarrative and Genre Features in the Opening Sequence of Pulp Fiction898 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative and Genre Features in the Opening Sequence of Pulp Fiction A narrative is the story itself and generic features are elements expected to be contained within a certain category of film. Pulp Fiction is labeled as a gangster film; however gangster films follow very precise generic elements such a death, contraband’s, violence, wealth and strong family loyalties. Pulp Fiction doe follow the above mentioned elements but the locations of the action are unorthodoxRead MoreComparing the Opening Sequence of The Italian Job (1969) and the Opening Sequence of The Italian Job (2003)1370 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Opening Sequence of The Italian Job (1969) and the Opening Sequence of The Italian Job (2003) In this essay I will be comparing the opening sequences of ‘The Italian Job (1969) and its modern-day remake ‘The Italian Job’ (2003). The original was directed by Peter Collinson and starred famous actors such as Michael Caine. It was a huge success and gained a massive cult following. The remake in 2003 was directed by Gary Gray and stared Mark Wahlberg and SethRead MoreResearch on the Expressed Sequence Tag of Olives Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagestable olives. Gene at certain tissue in species will be expressed where cDNA are sequenced to produce expressed sequence tag (EST) library. EST database is beneficial as it allows new gene discovery, marker discovery, gene mapping, and functional studies to be carried out. This research has contributed EST library of 2304 clone sequences from the young olive leaf and 1536 clone sequences from the immature olive fruit for Turkish olive cultivar Gemlik. Good quality ESTs are used to further analysedRead MoreSequence And Sequence Of Proteins1543 Words   |  7 PagesSequence Information of Proteins Just as members in the same family often resemble each other, similarly structured molecules are often grouped in the same category. There are several methods of comparing amino acid sequencing and determining how closely they are related. A simple example is the sequence-comparison method. Sequence databases are searched for a specific amino acid sequence of unknown characteristics. A set of molecules that are similar in structure can give insight into the propertiesRead MoreMat 126 Week 1 Assignment Essay example1073 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment I would like to talk about arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences and want to give an example each how to calculate with those sequences. First I want to give a short definition of each sequence. â€Å"An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each succeeding term differs from the preceding term by the same amount. This amount is known as the common difference.† (Bluman, A. G. 2500, page 221) An example for an arithmetic sequence is: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, †¦ (The common differenceRead MoreAlgorithms, Algorithms And Consequences For Top-K Association Rule1731 Words   |  7 Pages4.3. Top-K Association Rule More than one algorithms sequences were predicted for top-k association administers mining. But, most of them do now not take advantage of the essential definition of an association rule. As an occurrence, KORD discovers approaches with an unmarried thing in the resulting, while the arrangement of principles of You et al. mines connection rules from a move in lieu of an exchange database. To the wonderful of our concentration, least difficult best k rules finds top-kRead MorePow 16: Spiralaterals718 Words   |  3 Pagesdown three squares and start the sequence again but while going in that direction. So after you go down three you will go left one and then up two and you just keep going in that same pattern. When I started my series of spiralaterals I started with trying to find out what would happen when you switched the order of the numbers and I saw a pattern. The concept I explored using spiralaterals was whether or not changing the order of the three numbers of the sequence would change the shape, size or

China’s New Nationalism Essay - 1552 Words

No one can deny from recent news that there has been a strong surge of Chinese nationalism, and that this nationalism has turned heads in the international community. The nationalism that the CCP has affected is taking on a life of its own. In its strategy of pragmatic nationalism, the CCP tried to blur the lines between love of country with love of the state and governing body. What has resulted is a whole new breed of nationalism that is very much independent of the Chinese Communist Party and in fact has caused the CCP great concern. This new form of nationalism is much more vibrant, passionate, virulent and uncontrollable than the government had intended with its post 1989 strategy of obtaining legitimacy through nationalism. This†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"I am Chinese† program was launched at Universities to make people proud of being Chinese and also, of the Communist Party that was portrayed as the governing body that has contributed greatly to the pe ople of China. One experience so far in China that left a strong impression on my mind was a visit to the Shaanxi museum of history. Our tour guide was a locally educated young woman in her twenties. As she took us through the different periods of Chinese history, at every exhibit showing some sort of tool or mechanistic contraption she would turn and say â€Å"as you can see, the Chinese people are very smart!† She also recounted a story in which she was very offended that an American made a comment that Chinese people are short, to which she replied â€Å"yes, we are, but we have five thousand years of history and culture!† Both the richness and vastness of Chinese history was a huge source of pride for her, as her slightly illogical response to the American’s comment shows. In retrospect, her age denotes that she grew up on the government’s campaign in the 1990s to educated students about China’s greatness, to foster pride. At the same ti me however, China’s battered history with the West since the Opium war of the mid 19th century was emphasized to demonstrate how Chinese has been constantly abused and mistreated by the imperialist powers. The CCP was portrayed as the right government to helpShow MoreRelatedEssay about How Does Nationalism Shape Chinas International Relations?901 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Nationalism cannot only aggravate ethnic relations within the state, but it can also spill over borders and increase the likelihood of international conflict† (Downs and Saunders, 1998/99:115). Introduction Nationalism has become a major part of the Chinese Communist Party’s agenda to success and continued rule as it struggles to keep its legitimacy in China. Nationalism to an extent also shapes China’s international relations. This essay will first define what nationalism means for China byRead MoreMao Zedong1741 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy of how to lead a revolution, before and after 1949? Initially a radical revolutionary then a committed Marxist, Mao’s philosophy on how to lead a revolution was bathed in Nationalism. It is Mao’s love for China’s independence coupled with agrarian reforms that put Mao on the road to power. After 1949, Nationalism would reappear in Mao’s cultural policies, his relationship with Moscow and underdeveloped countries. Mao feared nothing and no one. Using Marxism-Leninism as a framework, MaoRead MoreChina And China1145 Words   |  5 Pageswill be in a good position to use military threats to force the other side to a favorable deal to China’s interest. Probably, coercion or the use of force will be the only way to regain Taiwan to the nationalist China. In short, China nationalist rise will not be peacefully. The dispute between communism and liberal capitalism will not dominate the rivalry between China and the United States. Nationalism, which is a strong political ideology, will be the main ideology that will shape the relationsRead MoreSociocultural Theory And The Cultural Construction1486 Words   |  6 Pagescultural construction, according to Lev Vygotsky. As sociocultural theory is a theory that human learning and cognitive development is a social process possibly by social interaction with culture and society. It has been highlighted in the news article â€Å"China’s WW2 Remembrance: ‘Patriotic Education’ in Action†, written by Alexandre Dor on August 15, 2015. Where it discussed the issue of the nationalist ideology that the government of China which has swept crossed the nation, especially for the lastRead MoreImpact Of China s Economic Impact On Australian Property1364 Words   |  6 Pages(excluding people born in Australia). (Migration, 2015) as we know, ever since 1980s, China’s students flock into Australia to study. After they finished their study, quite a fair amount of them decide to get Australia’s PR or citizenship and stay in Australia. If people decide to stay, they need a place to live. So these students certainly brought huge impact to Australia’s real-estate industry. The impact of China’s imigrat on Australian property has been both indirect through the impact on the broaderRead MoreChinas Global Political Crisis2296 Words   |  10 Pagessituations in the global political stage. China’s economy and power grows in a rapid rate, the nation faces itself in serious political tensions that can affect its standing in the region and its standing in the world stage. The nation continues to expand its foreign influences around the world through its growing military and economic power, the world watches and waits for the Chinese government’s next big move. This next move begun in the form of China’s build up in contested islands around theRead MoreChinese Japanese And Japanese Differences1074 Words   |  5 Pagesimperialized without modernizing while Japan did. Even though China and Japan both imperialized with dissimilar views while experiencing western penetration in the 19th century, Japan’s industrialization provided greater gains for their country than China’s cultural chauvinism did for them. To begin with, China didn’t really modernize which eventually hurt them. China started to develop a sort of cultural chauvinism, in which they believed they were greater than other nations. This is because ChinaRead MoreChinas Next Big Move2305 Words   |  10 Pagespolicies. To say the least, even if China’s economy and power is growing in a rapid rate, the nation now faces itself in a series of political tensions that can affect its standing in the region and in the world. Though as China continues to expand its foreign influences around the globe through its growing military and economic power, the world is current watching and waiting for the Chinese government’s next big move. This next move begun in the form of China’s build up in contested islands aroundRead MoreVietnamese Nationalism882 Words   |  4 Pagesagricultural exporter in the world; and it is a great destination for tourists, which has a considerable affect on Vietnam’s economy. There are many debates about what nationalism is. But in brief, nationalism is patriotism, or a feeling that unites the people of a nation, making them loyal, and devoted to it; However, nationalism can be the effect of a nation’s independence, as well as its’ separation. Let’s take Vietnam as an example. After the conference in Geneva in 1954, Vietnam was dividedRead MoreEssay on China1403 Words   |  6 Pagesheart of the Marxist-Maoist approach to politics and the basic way of life for the Chinese masses considering that ...roughly 85% of the population is based in peasantry... While Marxism, as implemented by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Nationalism have historically hindered the people of China; a growing need to conform to capitilism is plainly obvious if there will ever be success in the global market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Marxist theory is based on a classless society where the proletariat or

Exploring the Different Theories Involved in the Mind and...

Exploring the Different Theories Involved in the Mind and Body Problem I will attempt to do this by firstly defining what the mind and body is secondly discussing what the mind and body problem is. Thirdly discussing the existing approaches to the problem and finally discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. The body is that which we perceive ourselves to be with our senses. It usually includes arms, legs a head and so on. The mind is that which is responsible for one’s thoughts and feelings, the seat of the faculty of reason. What is the mind and body problem? We have a conception of at least 2 different kinds of things that exist in the world mental and physical here†¦show more content†¦The mind-body problem arises out of this view, because if mind-body have nothing in common, then in what way can they be said to interact. One way is Dualism In philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of beliefs which begins with the claim that the mental and the physical have a fundamentally different nature. Dualism has been the driving force behind the mind-body problem and has been by far the majority view until recently partially due to the influence of Descartes he claimed that the pineal gland was the interface between the mind and the rest of the brain. Whether Dualism is correct one way to explain how the mental interacts with the material is dualistic interactionism which is also Cartesian dualism, arguably the most popular and widespread version, mind events can cause physical events and vice versa. This leads to the most substantial claim against Cartesian dualism- the Cartesian gap. How can an immaterial mind cause anything in a material body and vice versa. This is called the â€Å"problem of interactionism† Descartes himself struggled to come up with a feasible explanation for the problem. One supporter of Dualism is David Chalmers He says â€Å"Human kind has grown up with dualism, we are all naturally dualists: the mechanistic basis of our thoughts is invisibleShow MoreRelatedMeditation Treatment Modality Provided By University Of Minnesota Center For Spirituality And Healing1357 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided by University of Minnesota Center for Spirituality and Healing. (2014) and its benefits and opportunities for the older population and persons with chronic diseases (Chan Larson, 2015). Moreover, I will analyze it in terms of Barrett’s Theory of Power (Barrett, 2010) and CAREE Process (O’Brien Lewis, 2016). In addition, throughout the paper, I will describe my thoughts and feelings regarding meditation and meditative practices for caring-healing holistic nursing. Analysis What is the purposeRead MoreSocial Cultural Theory: Vygotsky Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky’s socio-cultural theory within the classroom to enhance student’s learning and development. Vygotsky’s main idea was that learning and development should be a social collaborative activity and through scaffolding the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) this learning can and will be achieved (Bodrova Leong, 2007). The interaction between children is just as crucial as interactions children have with adults or teachers. It is important for students in their own mind, to build a solid understandingRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1489 Words   |  6 PagesHowards Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences thirty years ago, explain the intelligence is the profile and each individual has different ways to learn, he affirm has seven intelligences differ in their thinking, feeling, and behavior. â€Å"No two people are alike, yet no two people are unlike† Gardner (1983). Gardner s theory has been adopted by many schools, has an impact in the education system, a lot of teacher’s included on their bloom’s taxonomy the different intelligences to understandRead MoreOral Pessimism And Depression : Depression1376 Words   |  6 Pagesblocked. Liebler Moss (2009, pp. 8-14) are saying in their book about Ayurveda (form of mind-body medicine that is based of the traditional system of medicine in India) that depression is a condition that involves physical being as well as mental health, emotional, social, and spiritual self. They continue saying that it is not an unavoidable genetic problem and it does not have to be a permanent state of mind. Furthermore they are saying that going to talk therapy when you are suffering from depressionRead MoreWhat Are Some Psychologists?1597 Words   |  7 Pagestheoretical research at all. Empirical facts are understood in the light of a specific theory, and theory is built from a careful consideration of the facts. Indeed, theory and research are so intertwined that neither can exist without the other, and both are required to see psychology flourish (Sandin, 2006). While this is a generally accepted truism of science, the actual practice of science is rather different. Under the existing paradigm, a scholar presenting a research proposal is required toRead MoreLife Span Perspective Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment is a science. It is based on theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology (Berger). Five characteristics of Development that will be discussed in this paper are multidirectional, multi-contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary and plasticity. There are also five theories of development which are psychoanalytical, behaviorism, cognitive, socio-cultural, and epigenetic theory. Together these characteristics and theories can be used together to get a better understandingRead MoreThe Importance Of Expression And Emotion, Emotion And Fear1640 Words   |  7 Pageslevel of attachment theory genogram with emotion expression and fear in an emotion genogram can illustrate a problem in a new light. Th e new fluid genogram is able to identify the attachment style, touch communication, and the emotional component of fear, if it is inhibiting the touch expression, while incorporating both the attachment and emotional frameworks. The fear and emotional components are essential due to the extreme difference in the two frameworks identify fear. Problem area Intimacy inRead MoreShould We Abandon Piaget‚Äà ´s Theory Given the Amount of Criticism It Has Received over the Year?1413 Words   |  6 Pages2 Should we abandon Piaget’s theory given the amount of criticism it has received over the year? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) in his early years of age was a biologist who originally studied molluscs but later he moved into the study of the development of children s understanding, through observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. He started his tests with his own children on describing the mechanism by which the mind processes new information. His viewsRead MoreThe Arts Is An Essential Element Of Education1245 Words   |  5 Pageseducation. Just picture a duck’s foot, with the four digits joined together by the webbing. A duck would have a difficult time walking in the mud and of course swimming if the webbing was missing. I am sure it could manage for awhile, but over time problems and obstacles would surely surface. A duck’s webbed feet have a purpose. The arts also have their purpose inside the classroom to ensure that all students have the opportunity to reach their potential. â€Å"Learning is enhanced when art is intrinsicallyRead MoreMilton Friedman is known in the business world for not having patience, he believes that companies1400 Words   |  6 Pagesany company is to increase profits year over year (Friedman, 1970). Friedman believes if you give your employees the right to use their social responsibility, this would make an employee responsible for their action and ideas. The idea behind this theory is that it will make it very difficult for anyone to try taking advantage of co-workers for advancement in the company (Friedman, 1970, p. 3). The believe behind the word social responsibility is that companies have a higher commitment than just

Diseses Essay Example For Students

Diseses Essay Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty myelin, which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. ?These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).? (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young adults who have a virtually normal life expectancy. Consequently, the economic, social, and medical costs associated with the disease are significant. Estimates place the annual costs of MS in the United States in excess of $2.5 billion. (Melvin) No one knows exactly how many people have MS. It is believed that, currently, there are approximately 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States with MS diagnosed by a physician. (Boyden) This estimate suggests that approximately 200 new cases are diagnosed each week. Also, MS is the most common nerve disease to develop in young persons after birth, and it affects over 1 million young adults worldwide. ?Close relatives of a person with MS are 8 times more likely than average to develop the disease themselves, and children of a person with MS run 30 to 50 times the average risk.? (Waxman) Most people experience their first symptoms of MS between the ages of 20 and 40, but a diagnosis is often delayed. This is due to both the transitory nature of the disease and the lack of a specific diagnostic testspecific symptoms and changes in the brain must develop before the diagnosis is confirmed. (Health Central) Although scientists have documented cases of MS in young children and elderly adults, symptoms rarely begin before age 15 or after age 60. Whites are more than twice as likely as other races to develop MS. In general, women are affected at almost twice the rate of men; however, among patients who develop the symptoms of MS at a later age, the gender ratio is more balanced. (Waxman) To understand what is happening when a person has MS, it is first necessary to know a little about how the healthy immune system works. The immune system a complex network of specialized cells and organs defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It does this by seeking out and destroying the interlopers as they enter the body. Substances capable of triggering an immune response are called antigens. (Hofmann) ?The immune system displays both enormous diversity and extraordinary specificity.? (Hofmann) It can recognize millions of distinctive foreign molecules and produce its own molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each of them. In order to have room for enough cells to match the millions of possible foreign invaders, the immune system stores just a few cells for each specific antigen. When an antigen appears, those few specifically matched cells are stimulated to multiply into a full-scale army. Later, to prevent this army from overexpanding, powerful mechanisms to suppress the immune response come into play. T-cells, so named because they are processed in the thymus, appear to play a particularly important role in MS. They travel widely and continuously throughout the body patrolling for foreign invaders. In order to recognize and respond to each specific antigen, each T cells surface carries special receptor molecules for particular antigens. T cells contribute to the bodys defenses in two major ways. ?Regulatory T cells help orchestrate the elaborate immune system. ? ( Kaser) For instance, they assist other cells to make antibodies, proteins programmed to match one specific antigen much as a key matches a lock. Antibodies typically interact with circulating antigens, such as bacteria, but are unable to penetrate living cells. Chief among the regulatory T cells are those known as helper (or inducer) cells. ?Helper T cells are essential for activating the bodys defenses against foreign substances. ? (Kaser) Yet another subset of regulatory T cells acts to turn off, or suppress, various immune system cells when their job is done. Killer T cells, on the other hand, directly attack diseased or damaged body cells by binding to them and bombarding them with lethal chemicals called cytokines. ( Kaser) Since T cells can attack cells directly, they must be able to discriminate between self cells (those of the body) and nonself cells (foreign invaders). To enable the immune system to distinguish the self, each body cell carries identifying molecules on its surface. T cells likely to react against the self are usually eliminated before leaving the thymus; the remaining T cells recognize the molecular markers and coexist peaceably with body tissues in a state of self-tolerance. ?In autoimmune diseases such as MS, the detente between the immune system and the body is disrupted when the immune system seems to wrongly identify self as nonself and declares war on the part of the body (myelin) it no longer recognizes.? (Hauser) Through intensive research efforts, scientists are unraveling the complex secrets of the malfunctioning immune system of patients with MS. Components of myelin such as myelin basic protein have been the focus of much research because, when injected into laboratory animals, they can precipitate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a chronic relapsing brain and spinal cord disease that resembles MS. The injected myelin probably stimulates the immune system to produce anti-myelin T cells that attack the animals own myelin. (Leuven) Investigators are also looking for abnormalities or malfunctions in the blood/brain barrier, a protective membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is possible that, in MS, components of the immune system get through the barrier and cause nervous system damage. ?Scientists have studied a number of infectious agents (such as viruses) that have been suspected of causing MS, but have been unable to implicate any one particular agent. ? (Mayo Clinic) Viral infections are usually accompanied by inflammation and the production of gamma interferon, a naturally occurring body chemical that has been shown to worsen the clinical course of MS. It is possible that the immune response to viral infections may themselves precipitate an MS attack. ?The genes a person inherits may help determine whether that person is at increased risk for developing MS.? ( Melvin) While there is evidence from studies that this genetic component exists, it appears to be only one factor among several. Most likely an individuals genetic blueprint ultimately determines if that individual will be susceptible to a triggering factor, which in turn initiates the autoimmune process that leads to the development of MS. In the past few years, scientists have developed a set of tools that gives them the ability to pinpoint the genetic factors that make a person susceptible to MS. ?These tools are the methods of molecular genetics?techniques used to isolate and determine the chemical structure of genes.? (Colin) In the 1980s, scientists began to apply the tools of molecular genetics to human diseases caused by defects in single genes. This work led to major advances in understanding diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. The situation for diseases such as multiple sclerosis is more complicated. Scientists now believe that a person is susceptible to multiple sclerosis only if he or she inherits an unlucky combination of several genes. (Colin) Advances in molecular genetics and the identification of large families in which several members have MS?multiplex MS families?have made possible research to uncover MS susceptibility genes. economic Essay (Lambert) ?There is as yet no cure for MS. Many patients do well with no therapy at all, especially since many medications have serious side effects and some carry significant risks.? (Health Central) Naturally occurring or spontaneous remissions make it difficult to determine therapeutic effects of experimental treatments; however, the emerging evidence that MRIs can chart the development of lesions is already helping scientists evaluate new therapies. Until recently, the principal medications physicians used to treat MS were steroids possessing anti-inflammatory properties; these include adrenocorticotropic hormone (better known as ACTH), prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone. Studies suggest that intravenous methylprednisolone may be superior to the more traditional intravenous ACTH for patients experiencing acute relapses; no strong evidence exists to support the use of these drugs to treat progressive forms of MS. Also, there is some indication that steroids may be more appropriate for people with movement, rather than sensory, symptoms. (Mayo Clinic) While steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can reduce the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. The mechanism behind this effect is not known; one study suggests the medications work by restoring the effectiveness of the blood/brain barrier. ?Because steroids can produce numerous adverse side effects (acne, weight gain, seizures, psychosis), they are not recommended for long-term use.? (Bernard) One of the most promising MS research areas involves naturally occurring antiviral proteins known as interferons. Two forms of beta interferon (Avonex and Betaseron) have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. A third form (Rebif) is marketed in Europe. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability. When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less severe. In addition, MRI scans suggest that beta interferon can decrease myelin destruction. (Mayo Clinic) Investigators speculate that the effects of beta interferon may be due to the drugs ability to correct an MS-related deficiency of certain white blood cells that suppress the immune system and/or its ability to inhibit gamma interferon, a substance believed to be involved in MS attacks. Alpha interferon is also being studied as a possible treatment for MS. (Mayo Clinic) ?Common side effects of interferons include fever, chills, sweating, muscle aches, fatigue, depression, and injection site reactions.? (Health Central) Scientists continue their extensive efforts to create new and better therapies for MS. Goals of therapy are threefold: to improve recovery from attacks, to prevent or lessen the number of relapses, and to halt disease progression. In conclusion, MS is a disease that is well known but poorly understood by the medical and nursing community as well as the general public. It has no known cure and the genes that are accountable for it have yet been pin pointed. The United States is capable of finding a cure for this disease; over the years, medical researchers have found cures for many diseases that were thought incurable. Not only time and money are needed to find a cure for this disease, but faith and heart are needed to realize the importance Glossary antibodies proteins made by the immune system that bind to structures (antigens) they recognize as foreign to the body. antigen a structure foreign to the body, such as a virus. The body usually responds to antigens by producing antibodies. ataxia a condition in which the muscles fail to function in a coordinated manner. autoimmune disease a disease in which the bodys defense system malfunctions and attacks a part of the body itself rather than foreign matter. blood/brain barrier a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. cerebrospinal fluid the colorless liquid, consisting partially of substances filtered from blood and partially by secretions released by brain cells, that circulates around and through the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Physicians use a variety of testselectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, and radioimmunoassayto study cerebrospinal fluid for abnormalities often associated with MS. cytokines powerful chemical substances secreted by T cells. Cytokines are an important factor in the production of inflammation and show promise as treatments for MS. demyelination damage caused to myelin by recurrent attacks of inflammation. Demyelination ultimately results in nervous system scars, called plaques, which interrupt communications between the nerves and the rest of the body. experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) a chronic brain and spinal cord disease similar to MS which is induced by injecting myelin basic protein into laboratory animals. fatigue tiredness that may accompany activity or may persist even without exertion. gadolinium a chemical compound given during MRI scans that helps distinguish new lesions from old. human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) antigens, tolerated by the body, that correspond to genes that govern immune responses. Also known as major histocompatibility complex. immunoglobulin G (IgG) an antibody-containing substance produced by human plasma cells in diseased central nervous system plaques. Levels of IgG are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of most MS patients. immunosuppression suppression of immune system functions. Many medications under investigation for the treatment of MS are immunosuppressants. interferons cytokines belonging to a family of antiviral proteins that occur naturally in the body. Gamma interferon is produced by immune system cells, enhances T-cell recognition of antigens, and causes worsening of MS symptoms. Alpha and beta interferon probably exert a suppressive effect on the immune system and may be beneficial in the treatment of MS. lesion an abnormal change in the structure of an organ due to disease or injury. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a non-invasive scanning technique that enables investigators to see and track MS lesions as they evolve. myelin a fatty covering insulating nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, myelin facilitates the smooth, high-speed transmission of electrochemical messages between these components of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In MS, myelin is damaged through a process known as demyelination, which results in distorted or blocked signals. myelin basic protein (MBP) a major component of myelin. When myelin breakdown occurs (as in MS), MBP can often be found in abnormally high levels in the patients cerebrospinal fluid. When injected into laboratory animals, MBP induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a chronic brain and spinal cord disease similar to MS. oligodendrocytes cells that make and maintain myelin. optic neuritis an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that usually occurs in only one eye and causes visual loss and sometimes blindness. It is generally temporary. paresthesias abnormal sensations such as numbness, prickling, or pins and needles. plaques patchy areas of inflammation and demyelination typical of MS, plaques disrupt or block nerve signals that would normally pass through the regions affected by the plaques. receptor a protein on a cells surface that allows the cell to identify antigens. retrobulbar neuritis an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that is usually temporary. It causes rapid loss of vision and may cause pain upon moving the eye. spasticity involuntary muscle contractions leading to spasms and stiffness or rigidity. In MS, this condition primarily affects the lower limbs. T cells immune system cells that develop in the thymus gland. Findings suggest that T cells are implicated in myelin destruction. transverse myelitis an acute spinal cord disorder causing sudden low back pain and muscle weakness and abnormal sensory sensations in the lower extremities. Transverse myelitis often remits spontaneously; however, severe or long-lasting cases may lead to permanent disability. white matter nerve fibers that are the site of MS lesions and underlie the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Bibliography Bibliography Bernard, Bobby. ?Multiple Sclerosis Continues to Puzzle Scientists.? The Vermillion March 1998. Brunnscheiler, H. ?Problems Associated with MS? (July 28, 1999) ?Inteli Health? http://www.intelihealth.com/ (28 July 1999). Boyden, Kathleen M. ?Compolmer-1 in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.? Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 5 October 1998. Waxman, Stephen. ?Demyelinating Diseases New Pathological Insights, New Therapeutic Targets.? New England Journal of Medicine 29 Jan. 1998, Vol. 338, No. 5, 323-327. Health Central ?General Information about Multiple Sclerosis? (July 16, 1999) Hofmann, Robert. ? Multiple Sclerosis? American Journal of Human Genetics June 1998, 62:492-495 Kaser, Arthur. ?Inter Science Essays

Case Study Nursing Growth and Developmental Theories

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Nursingfor Growth and Developmental Theories. Answer: Various growth and developmental theories can focus on the human development. The developmental theories mainly focus on the growth of the human throughout the lifespan. It needs to mention that in the care process, the patient should be included in the treatment procedure. As Anne is a child of 10 years old, she needs to know about the medical treatment. As she is a child, she may not understand the medical terms. The doctors need to use simple language to teach Anne about her medical problem. However, this can create fear in Anne. As a result, the development of her health status may deteriorate. Therefore, family members and the doctor need to be careful before sharing the concern. Snow et al. (2016) mentioned that it is necessary to involve a child in the decision making as this can help them to develop the new skills and are able to make connection with community. Moreover, the children can express their problems in better way than others can. This will help the doctor to take a ny decision regarding treatment. However, it is necessary to involve the children from the beginning of the discussion that will help her to gain knowledge. This knowledge can help the child in development of the cognitive power. However, before involving the child in the decision-making, a proper plan should be made. The discussion procedure should be interesting that will motivate the child to be involved (Montravers et al., 2016). The motivation can help Anne to overcome her problems and get well soon. As Anne is suffering from the right iliac fossa pain and doctor suspected about the appendicitis, she has the right to know about the disease. She should know about the pathophysiology of the gangrenous perforated appendix with the peritonitis. The involvement of Anne can influence the caring nurses to provide the proper caring. The growth and developmental expected milestones have the influence on the caring system. The nurse needs to assess the problems of Anne and make a standard growth chart. This will help the nurse to monitor the growth and development of Anne. However, the child should not be forced to achieve the milestones than the time (Daskalakis, Juhlin Phlman, 2014). As Anne is already 10 years old, she is going to be adolescents in two years. Therefore, she may need special care in such condition. The patient must be encouraged for the age appropriate self-care. The implementation of the growth and development, it can be suggested that for the development of the patient, significant interventions are necessary. In the development of the patient, nurse plays the significant role as she is allocated for 24 hours in the caring of the patient (Kirby et al., 2015). In the case scenario, Anne has some infection and potential complications, for which she had to stay in the hospital for more 10 days. The nurse took care of her and gave IV antibiotics for the pain management. She was admitted due the right iliac fossa pain. However, the doctor suspected about the appendicitis and suggested for the appendectomy. In such condition, Anne needs much care to get well soon. The problems of Anne can increase with the time and age. Therefore, the nurse needs to be careful during providing the care. After the surgery, the patient needs to stay in the hospital at least for 4 days if any critical condition arises (Hansson et al., 2014). However, Anne had to stay for 10 days due to complex situation. In such condition, the infection needs to be prevented at first and the patient need intensive care. References Daskalakis, K., Juhlin, C., Phlman, L. (2014). The use of pre-or postoperative antibiotics in surgery for appendicitis: a systematic review.Scandinavian Journal of Surgery,103(1), 14-20. Hansson, J., Khorram-Manesh, A., Alwindawe, A., Lundholm, K. (2014). A model to select patients who may benefit from antibiotic therapy as the first line treatment of acute appendicitis at high probability.Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,18(5), 961-967. Kirby, A., Hobson, R. P., Burke, D., Cleveland, V., Ford, G., West, R. M. (2015). Appendicectomy for suspected uncomplicated appendicitis is associated with fewer complications than conservative antibiotic management: a meta-analysis of post-intervention complications.Journal of Infection,70(2), 105-110. Montravers, P., Blot, S., Dimopoulos, G., Eckmann, C., Eggimann, P., Guirao, X., ... De Waele, J. (2016). Therapeutic management of peritonitis: a comprehensive guide for intensivists.Intensive care medicine,42(8), 1234-1247. Snow, A. F., Vannahme, M., Kettley, L., Pullyblank, A. (2016). Ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm precipitated by gangrenous perforated appendicitis: a case report.Journal of surgical case reports,2016(5).